Introduction to the Special Section on Dramatic Play Essay - 1

Introduction to the Special Section on Dramatic Play - Essay Example Dreams can occur in any of four stages of sleep. But the most memorable and flamboyant dreams occur in REM sleep or last stage of sleep. Sleep cycle reiterates itself about four to five times on average per night, but can be repeated as many as seven times. Therefore, one can imagine why people have different dreams during one night. But, mostly people only remember the dreams that happen during the time they are about to wake up. People don’t remember those dreams don’t mean they never happened. Some people think that they don’t dream at all but in reality, they do but just don’t remember what they dreamt about (Porter, 1987). How did Freud use dreams to help people understand their behaviors? What evidence did he use to support the contention that dream analysis is a valid way of treating mental illnesses? Did the evidence he provide support his claims?   Psychotherapy is a way that the dream material is examined clinically. It is vital to realize that dream is never used by you itself. When you are telling someone about your dream, it is not possible to portray the images you supposed while you were sleeping. Putting dream into words is a flawed endeavor to explain what you witnessed. Freud advised that dreams may reproduce our unconscious and unrecognized desires and fears. He said that person’s dreams are interpretations of psychological well being. He suggested that the unconscious disturbances in the thoughts of people are depicted in dreams and mental health is enhanced by interpreting the dreams (Zimbardo, Johnson & McCann, 2009). The idea that Freud brought about dreams harvest little bolster within modern psychology. His overuse and use of the symbolization occurring within dreams, and the symbols was representative of sexual organs which bore little credence at that time and even lesser psychoanalysis that had that

Review of Patient Safety Standards for Hospitals by Joint Commision on Healthcare Essay Example for Free

Review of Patient Safety Standards for Hospitals by Joint Commision on Healthcare Essay The safety goals outlined for hospitals are intended to stimulate greater awareness of the elements of vulnerability or risk associated between patient and worker. Ultimately, patient safety, worker health and safe practice methods can have a positive influence on saving lives, reducing risk and controlling costs. The goals attempt to outline a uniform standard. When adopted by a health care organization, a successful culture of safety that benefits everyone has an opportunity to develop. The following are the Commission’s patient safety goals with respect to hospitals. The first goal is to improve the accuracy of patient identification. Patients are given the wrong medications, taken to the wrong surgical rooms, and specimens get contaminated or mixed up. To address this issue and achieve improved accuracy, implementation of two patient identifiers attempts to reduce these errors. First, the patient should be identified reliably by their name, telephone number or other number that is person specific. The second is to verify that the treatment matches the patient. The verification of the identifiers should be done with two individuals checking the same patient or having one person identify the patient, with a second verification assisted by the addition of a technology item, like a barcode. The second goal is to improve the effectiveness of communication among caregivers. Each clinical aspect of healthcare utilizes a different vocabulary. A patient may be seeing a psychiatrist, a physical therapist and a cardiologist at the same time. While each profession has a foundation of science that is designed help them communicate in a uniform manner, each clinical area will have specific language and understanding that may not translate from one specialty or discipline to another. Critical results of tests and diagnostics that are outside the normal range and indicate a life threatening situation must be communicated. Reports must be delivered and critical results given on a timely basis so the patient can be treated as soon as possible. Third, is the goal to improve the safety of using medication. Medications that are not labeled properly or medications that are similar in name or packaging can obviously lead to a 1 deadly consequence. Suggested ways to achieve this goal is to make sure all medications, and containers are labeled correctly. Some of the specific suggestions to achieve this safety goal are to adopt the use of oral unit-dose products, prefilled syringes, or premixed infusion bags when these products are available. The fourth goal is to reduce the risk of health care-associated infections. Many people are in fear of going to a hospital. They may feel at risk of getting a communicable disease. And while that is a possibility, few are aware that they may experience infections directly associated with the delivery of the medical service or treatment. The simplest and most obvious way to protect the patient from infection is to feverishly adhere to the Centers for Disease Control or World Health Organizations guidelines for hand washing. The late physician and scientist Ignaz Semmelweis would be astonished to see this method universally adopted. Although, with as much science that has since validated his pioneering work, he could be annoyed to see a lack of compliance, considering the volumes of evidence published which supports his early theory. Patients are acquiring hospital based infections at an alarming rate, according to an NBC news story which was based on data from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. And a brief review of the CDC report from 2011 on rates of infections clearly shows a link between number of days in the hospital and acquired infections. The longer a patient is in the setting, the more likely it is that the patient is at risk. The likelihood of risk depends on the kind of treatment the patient receives. Risk assessment tools are essential to understanding which staff, providers, or independent practitioners need to be educated to understand the types of infections and their origins as they relate to their practice area. The families and patients must likewise be educated to understand the risks, complications and microbial hazards that are inherent to the treatment or service they are receiving. Finally, goal fifteen is for the hospital to identify safety risks inherent in its patient population. This goal is a contributing factor to why Patient Safety Coordinators and certifications to become one are becoming more popular. Particularly, the goal speaks to the population that is at risk for suicide. While this goal is stated to apply only to psychiatric hospitals and patients being treated for emotional or behavioral issues, most all hospitals have at least a small population that could fit into this category. While not every hospital has a psychiatric floor, or even a psychiatrist on call, patients that appear or make a statement that they fear harming others or themselves may be detained temporarily at the discretion of the medical staff. The terms and length varies from state to state. Georgia’s law, O. C. G. A. Â § 37-3-41 allows basically for a forty-eight hour detainment period. But, that can be extended indefinitely if the treating physician deems it necessary and appropriate based on their examination.

Indian lit. in english - Untouchable :: essays research papers fc

Indian lit. in english paper The Untouchable by Mulk Raj Anand Mulk Raj Anand, one of the most highly regarded Indian novelists writing in English, was born in Peshawar in 1905. He was educated at the universities of Lahore, London and Cambridge, and lived in England for many years, finally settling in a village in Western India after the war. His main concern has always been for "the creatures in the lower depths of Indian society who once were men and women: the rejected, who has no way to articulate their anguish against the oppressors'. His novels works have been translated into several world languages. Untouchable (1935) Coolie (1936) Two Leaves and a Bud (1937) The Village (1939) Across the Black Waters (1940) The Sword and the Sickle (1942) Private Life of an Indian Prince (1953) The Indelible Problem: Mulk Raj Anand and the Plight of Untouchability Andrew M. Stracuzzi The University of Western Ontario Mulk Raj Anand, speaking about the real test of the novelist, once said: It may lie in the transformation of words into prophesy. Because, what is writer if he is not the fiery voice of the people, who, through his own torments, urges and exaltations, by realizing the pains, frustrations and aspirations of others, and by cultivating his incipient powers of expression, transmutes in art all feeling, all thought, all experience - thus becoming the seer of a new vision in any given situation. (qtd. in Dhawn, 14) There is no question that Mulk Raj Anand has fashioned with Untouchable a novel that articulates the abuses of an exploited class through sheer sympathy in the traditionalist manner of the realist novel He is, indeed, the "fiery voice" of those people who form the Untouchable caste. Yet if the goal of the writer, as Anand himself states, is to transform "words into prophecy," then the reader's struggle for meaning in the closing scenes of the novel become problematic and contestatory. It is reasonable to assume -- and as I would argue, it is implied -- that Anand has ventured to address a specific question with writing Untouchable; this is, how to alleviate the exploitation of the untouchable class in India? He then proceeds to address this question through the dramatization of Bahka, the novel's central character. Having said this -- and taking into account Anand's notion of the novel as prophesy -- I will argue that the author has failed to fully answer the ques tion he has set before him.

Essay --

The crude extract was retrieved by homogenizing the bovine muscle tissue. The total enzyme in the muscle tissue can be illustrated through the total activity present in the crude extract, which was 5500 Â ± 200 units. Next the 40% ammonium sulfate step was performed. Ammonium sulfate was slowly added to a beaker that contained the crude extract until a 40% saturation level was reached. After centrifugation the pellet (which contained low soluble proteins and other cellular debris) was discarded and the supernatant was kept. The total protein was 124 Â ± 6 mg and the specific activity was 4500 Â ± 300 units. This resulted in a specific activity of 36 Â ± 4 units/mg. The yield was calculated to be 82 Â ± 9% and the purification factor was 1.4 Â ± 0.3. There was not much of an increase in the purity, but there was a decrease in the total protein and the specific activity as compared to the crude extract which suggests that that unwanted protein was removed during this purification step. Performing the 60% ammonium sulfate step further purified the 40% supernatant. The ammonium sulfate and was added to the 40% supernatant until a 60% saturation level was reached. This was then centrifuged, but this time the pellet was kept while the supernatant (which contained material such as nucleic acids and sugars) was discarded. The total protein recovered was 56.4 Â ± 0.4 mg and the total activity was 4140 Â ± 50 units. This produced a specific activity of 73 Â ± 1 units/mg. The yield was calculated to be 76 Â ± 4% and the purification factor was 2.8 Â ± 0.3. Each of these steps was consistent with the trends present in the theoretical values data because the purity increased. This indicates that the unwanted material was removed so that the 60% pellet can be us... ...olecular weight). By using the protein concentration and enzyme concentration of E10 and E11 the specific activity values can be calculated. The specific activity of E10 is 497.68 units/mg and E11 is 516.6 units/mg. The m form is assumed to have a lower binding affinity (lower Km) so this would elute out first thus we can conclude that the m form is present in the E10 fraction and the h form is present in the E11 fraction. The isozymes are assumed to have the same molecular weight but varying charge strength. With this information an ion exchange column can be performed in order to help separate the isozymes. For an anion exchange column the beads would be positive. By making one of the isozymes more negative it would bind to the beads while the other isozyme would elute out. A gel column can then be performed to confirm the presence of different isozymes.

HRPD 3RD SEM Notes Essay

1. Lacking of support: People think that the human resource planning is unnecessary and time consuming. Workforce can be arranged anytime whenever needed with attractive benefits and incentives so why human resource planning. They thought it is an easy task to manipulate the workforce in the organization. It is matter of surprise that this kind of perception conceived by the top management of organization. 2. Wrong perception about Human Resource practitioner: In this competitive business world it is so a difficult task to compete the rivals without strategy and formulating strategic planning is challenging. It is supposed to that the people who formulated the human resource plan are not expert about business as result they might make error in overall strategic since the human resource practitioner formulated the human resource plan. 3. Incompatibility of information: A strategic plan is set for achieving the long term goal or objectives of the organization. At the time of formulation strategy the used information are long time oriented and on the financial basis, but the human resource planning formulated using the short term information. So the information of human resource does not often match with the information of strategy formulation. 4. Confliction between short term and long term need of Human Resource: In an organization there are need of Human resource for short term purpose and long term purpose. The short term purpose can be met by hiring people for short term period but to meet the long term purpose organization must prepare its own capable skill workforce. Individuals must prepare to meet the long term purpose has to prepare skill people to run its work smoothly that can fulfill the long term needs of organization. If it is think that skills are available to meet the short term needs the long term needs are avoided. 5. Approach confliction: In formulation of human resource planning it must consider that how many people and how efficient people will be needed for the smooth functionality of the organization. Among the human resource practitioners some emphasis on number of employee and some emphasis on the quality of the employee where both approaches are equally important for the organization. 6. Absence of operating managers’ co-ordination: There is no doubt that Human Resource planning is a major function of Human Resource Management that means Human Resource department and it is also inevitable that successful planning is depending on the co-operation of all the existing department. Mainly the operation managers’ coordinating exertion plays an important role in the succession of Human Resource Planning. Conclusion: From the above discussion we have got some problems among them few are created by the involved person in the organization and few are created from the miss-perception of idea perceived by the managers at different level or be deficient in synchronization with the planning in different department. But which may be avoidable.

Typhoid Fever essay

Typhoid Fever essay: Introduction: Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection of the intestinal tract and occasionally the bloodstream, and is from the Salmonella species. Risk of infection is greatest for travellers to developing countries who will have prolonged exposure to potentially contaminated food and beverages. Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection of the intestinal tract and occasionally the bloodstream. Symptoms: Fever as high as 103Â ° to 104Â ° F (39Â ° to 40Â ° C), Severe headache, Insomnia, Nose bleeding, Either diarrhoea or constipation, Weakness, Stomach pains, Loss of appetite, A rash, Chills, Sore throat, And in some cases, rose coloured spots may appear. Preventive Measures, Isolation of infected person, usually only people who cant control their need to go to the toilet, eg: babies, and some disabled people, Personal Hygiene, Hand washing before eating, Clean and careful food preparation, Drink safe water, Safe Water, Sanitation. If you drink water, buy it bottled or bring it to boil for 1minute before you drink it. Bottled carbonated water is safer than uncarbonated water. Ask for drinks without ice unless the ice is made from bottled or boiled water. Avoid icypoles and flavoured ices that may have been made with contaminated water. Eat foods that have been thoroughly cooked and that are still hot and steaming. Avoid raw vegetables and fruits that cannot be peeled. Vegetables like lettuce are easily contaminated and are very hard to wash well. When you eat raw fruit or vegetables that can be peeled, peel them yourself. (Wash your hands with soap first.) Do not eat the peelings. Avoid foods and beverages from street vendors. It is difficult for food to be kept clean on the street, and many travellers get sick from food bought from street vendors. Bread is safest when served fresh from the oven. Avoid moist grain dishes (like rice) that have been allowed to sit at room temperature for long periods of time. Don'...

Critical Thinking Essay

Critical Thinking Essay Critical Thinking Essay Negotiating a topic for your critical essay writing should prompt you to ask your lecturer the following question: 'Do you think this topic is worth writing about or should I try something else?' As typical, the mistake made by many students is the choice of the critical essay topic that is far too wide, or to choose one which lends itself to too long description instead of analysis. You will be more than likely steered towards a focused and specific critical thinking essay topic. If you're looking at historical documents or sorting out your reading, you need to look for issues and things you can question while writing an essay. There has to be something worthy of writing about in the college critical essay and you won't get that by describing a document. You have to look at your evidence and try to understand what it means. For instance, we're looking at the 'Music Hall' as evidence of imperialism - so we'll look at the songs and try to find out what values are embedded in the verses. Then we'll relate those values to other types of evidence from the period. You should write critical essays because they teach you something, not just as an exercise to prove your ability to write. Besides gaining a coursework grade or mark, English essay writing clarifies your thinking, gives you some idea of how well you understand the subject critically, and helps you to develop your own thoughts and to present them logically. The process of writing critical essay is as important as the end product: Critical Essay Format Devising questions can help you to find an essay focus to write about. You might begin by finding essay problem, a puzzle, or an issue that intrigues you. Studying History you might wonder, for example, what some Edwardian values such as patriotism meant to people at different times. If you are studying a foreign language you might be interested in difference between your native language and the foreign one. In Politics you might consider how power had shifted between local councils and central government. English Literature might prompt an essay about the portrayal of Shakespeare's King Lear. Questions similar to the following ones might help you generate some of your critical essay material: Critical essay questions: What did Edwardian values like patriotism mean to people at different times (compared with our understanding of patriotism today)? Are some everyday objects more useful than others for the learning of French? How has power shifted from local councils to central government? Should Shakespeare's character Lear be played as a fool or a madman? .Com If you are not sure how to write a good critical thinking essay on the assigned topic, you are welcome to place an order at and one of our experienced writers will help you with essay writing. We deliver only custom written papers, critical essays, and dissertations on any topic and prior to deadline! Read also: Dissertation Paper Dissertation Help Creative Writing Thesis APA Thesis Writing a Term Paper Critical Thinking Essay Critical Thinking Essay Free Online Research Papers Critical thinking and decision making is the process to find the truth. An important aspect of thinking is the process that relies on the ability to coordinate and structure our ideas so that they make sense. Training our mind to use the critical thinking process gives people a better understanding of the information. This paper will discuss the three different thinking styles. It will also compare and contrast logical style, persuasive style, and creative style. Critical thinking will be applied to the decision making process by using work environment examples. The logical style of thinking is a complex process in which reasoning is used to come to a conclusion. This style involves a sequence of steps or thoughts used to solve a problem. According to Kirby and Goodpaster (2007), along with creative thought, inductive and deductive logic comprise the bedrock and substance of all our thinking. Using the two major elements of logical thinking, deductive and inductive reasoning, solutions can be tested with tried and true methods. This style is very distinct and follows a more structured and analytical path using proven methods in order to reach the conclusions. When comparing logical thinking to the creative and persuasive styles of thinking, all three require detailed processes to reach conclusions. With the creative style, the conclusions are inspired by the ideas that can be gathered using metaphors, brainstorming and starbursting. While the persuasive style of thinking can incorporate biases, emotion, motivation and even manipulation, it usually requires some sort of credibility to be successful. Logical thinking affects the critical thinking process because it uses Deductive thinking which â€Å"is the kind of reasoning that begins with two or more premises and derives a conclusion that must follow from those premises, a conclusion† (Kirby and Goodpaster, 2007) and inductive reasoning which â€Å"usually begins with a set of evidence or observations† (Kirby and Goodpaster, 2007). All three thinking styles are required in the critical thinking process in order reach a valid and sound conclusion. In real estate, all three of these styles of thinking must be incorporated. For example, when taking on a new listing, a detailed step-by-step process must be followed. This series of paperwork is very straight forward and completed in sequential order. If this order is not followed correctly, company rules, association bylaws and even board ethics could be violated. During the marketing phase, creativity is a must in today’s world. The listing agent must ask many questions of the seller in order to present the property to the right audience and in the right manner. When the time comes to show homes to a perspective buyer, the art of persuasion comes to play. The agent must make sure that the properties being shown appeal to the buyer’s needs, wants, values and sometimes even egos. The persuasive thinking style involves getting your audience to believe, go along, or act in accordance with what you want. With this style of thinking, if a person is an effective persuader you can basically get anyone to agree with just about anything. Persuasion and manipulation have a thin line between the two of them. Persuasion is the act of getting someone or a group of people to agree with your views, and beliefs basing your information on facts and truths. For example; getting people to drink more water because it’s healthier for their kidneys than sodas or fruit drinks is the act of persuasion. On the other hand attempting to have people drink more water because soda and fruit juices cause cancer is an act of manipulation, especially if the presenter is receiving some type of benefit for this fictional information. Using critical thinking in the decision making process in the workplace is significant. For example, if a bakery is considering getting a new oven for efficiency then all thinking styles can come into play. First, the creative style can be used to brainstorm the different types of oven, performance, efficiency and effectiveness. Second, the logical process comes into play narrowing the field of ovens down to a few which can be decided on. Third, the persuasion process can then be used to narrow the selection of ovens to either the most efficient, quickest, or least expensive. No individual has a lock on creativity, and that allows individuals to think about unlocking the creativity each possesses (Kirby, Goodpaster, 2007). When one creates a new idea, that individual is taking an old idea and mixing it, moving it, or building it into a new idea (Kirby, Goodpaster, 2007). Therefore, creative thinking can be used by anyone, to a certain extent. Personal barriers such as an individuals brain and the language it contains, limit the amount of creativity one may possess. On the other hand, traits such as humor, laughter, courage, and calm help individuals be more creative by breaking out of structured thoughts and making new combinations by reorganizing these thoughts (Kirby, Goodpaster, 2007). In the workplace, brainstorming and starbursting during the critical thinking process allows for many creative ideas to be generated. Brainstorming should have no boundaries, so the mind can move from one thought to the next, allowing for the creation of ideas. These creative ideas can be evaluated, picked apart, and restructured at a later time to help meet the needs of the organization. Starbursting is an important tactic to use because the central topic of any problem is already established, allowing for questions and ideas to be created around that topic. Creative thinking encourages an individual to think outside the box to generate innovative ideas. At Centocor, associates are encouraged to participate on teams that are put in place to improve processes. Creative thinking plays an extensive role in critical thinking because the team must think differently from the normal process that has been used for the past 10 years. At Centocor there are staff members working with a team that is restructuring the training process of new employees. The current process has been in place since 1997, but the process lacks the structure needed to train an individual properly. A brainstorming session was used to generate over 600 aspects of training that needed to be considered for the improvement to be effective. These topics were evaluated and analyzed for relevance and used as a guide for the formation of important steps in the training process. Because the team already knew the main point was training, questions were generated to help identify where the most improvement was needed. This project is still ongoing, and because of the tactics of brainstorming and starbursting, the project has an ample amount of ideas to continue to move it forward. In conclusion, each thinking style has its advantages and disadvantages. Logical thinking, persuasive thinking and creative thinking styles have been compared and contrasted. Learning how to use each thinking style correctly will help you to apply the accurate style in different circumstances. Learning each style and applying it correctly will help you to achieve the best results. When these multiple thinking styles are properly combined, solutions to problems are more easily accepted and resolved. â€Å"Thinking styles is ideal for use in situations at work where strong relationships are critical for success.† (Flinstone, 2001) Research Papers on Critical Thinking EssayThree Concepts of PsychodynamicComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaBringing Democracy to AfricaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfResearch Process Part OneThe Project Managment Office SystemArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Effects of Television Violence on Children Critical Thinking Essay Free Online Research Papers Logic and critical thinking go hand in hand. Most of my major decisions are thought through and analyzed. I take the information I am presented with and then go from there. This is very important if my decision is going to affect more than one person. If a decision effects my family or people I care about I am more likely to take a little longer to analyze the information presented. When people that you care about are involved it takes you through so many obstacles and thoughts. There are times when you are not sure what would be the best thing to do in a situation. The nature of logic as understood is when you have a situation, belief, or tradition. It is a situation examined and reviewed in great detail to discover the reasoning behind a behavior. Critical thinking as I understand it is when you view a situation in multiple ways to get an accurate answer or results. The nature of logic relates to critical thinking by examining the situation and thoughts to get a clearer decision of possible outcomes, or reasoning. Critical thinking, by definition, involves elements of logic and perception. Without logic, one cannot complete a critical thought. There was a time in my life where my perception was far from reality it was when I perceived that my grandfather would beat the battle with diabetes. What I thought was going on is that his body was stronger than ever to fight off this horrible disease. I just knew without a doubt the man that I grew to know as my father and gave me such great advice and encouragement could overcome anything even this disease. He had never complained not one day about how he really felt inside, his will was strong and he epitomized what strength should be like for anyone with such an illness of this degree. I knew that there were many stages of diabetes but he had dealt with it so well I never thought that it would eventually get the best of him. What was truly going on is that day-by-day little by little diabetes was slowly taking his life away. He truly had the whole family convinced that any day now he would be back to his normal life. Reality set in and I saw the illness for what it really was li fe threatening. Perception set in once my grandfather had a doctors visit and the doctor advised my grandmother that some drastic changes needed to be made or my grandfather had no chance. My family knew that my grandfather was a really stubborn individual. His favorite saying was We all have to go someday somehow. We knew then that my grandfather would see his last day sooner than later. I perceived the worse case scenario my grandfather would die. Perception is not always the best way to look at things because emotions can be involved and clear thinking is not always possible when that happens. The best way to look at any situation is with logical or critical thinking. We continue to build on our knowledge about subjects based upon what we know and from new information provided to us. Critical thinking helps us ask relevant questions to get the information we need, weigh evidence offered in support of arguments. It also helps us to interpret difficult problems, and make the right decisions. This is especially important when you realize that many problems do not lend themselves a solution. It is important to think before you speak because you never know where miss understanding may take you. Do not assume, but think about all of your possible choices before making a fair decision. In the end not only will you gain knowledge, but you will also enhance your way of thinking to understand and except different people and environments. This course of events has not changed my process of critical thinking at all. I still take the information I am given, analyze to see how it will affect me and those around me and then make the best possible decision. I think this is the best way to look at any situation. Research Papers on Critical Thinking EssayThree Concepts of PsychodynamicComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceBringing Democracy to AfricaCapital PunishmentThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsLifes What IfsBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self

The Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground Laws

The Castle Doctrine and Stand Your Ground Laws Recent events involving the use of deadly force by private individuals have brought the so-called Castle Doctrine and stand your ground laws under intense public scrutiny. Both based on the universally acknowledged right of self-defense, what are these increasingly controversial legal principles?   Stand your ground laws allow people who believe they face a reasonable threat of death of great bodily harm to meet force with force rather than retreat from their attacker. Similarly, Castle Doctrine laws allow persons who are being attacked while in their homes to use force- including deadly force- in self-defense, often without the need to retreat.   Currently, more than half of the states in the U.S. have some forms of Castle Doctrine or stand your ground laws.   Castle Doctrine Theory The Castle Doctrine originated as a  theory of early common law, meaning it was a universally accepted natural right of self-defense rather than a formally written law. Under its common law interpretation, the Castle Doctrine gives people the right to use deadly force to defend their home, but only after having used every reasonable means to avoid doing so and trying to retreat safely from their attacker.   While some states still apply the common law interpretation, most states have enacted written, statutory versions of Castle Doctrine laws specifically spelling out what is required or expected of persons before resorting to the use of deadly force. Under such Castle Doctrine laws, defendants facing  criminal charges who successfully prove they acted in self-defense according to the law may be fully cleared of any wrongdoing.  Ã‚   Castle Doctrine Laws in Court   In actual legal practice, formal state Castle Doctrine laws limit where, when, and who can legally use deadly force. As in all cases involving self-defense, defendants must prove their actions were justified under the law. The burden of proof is on the defendant.   Even though the Castle Doctrine statutes differ by state, many states utilize the same basic requirements for a successful Castle Doctrine defense. The four typical elements of a successful Castle Doctrine defense are:   The defendant must have been inside his or her home when attacked and the building must be the defendants regular place of residence. Attempts to apply the Castle Doctrine to defend the use of deadly force during attacks that happen in the defendants yard or lot, but outside the home, typically fail.  There must have been an actual attempt to illegally enter the defendants home. Merely standing threateningly at the door or on the lawn will not qualify. In addition, the Castle Doctrine does not apply if the defendant had allowed the victim into the home, but decided to force them to leave.In most states, the use of deadly force must have been reasonable under the circumstances. Typically, defendants who are unable to prove they were in actual danger of physical injury will not be allowed to claim defense under a Castle Doctrine law.Some states still apply the common law Castle Doctrine edict that defendants have some level of duty to retreat or avoid the confrontation before using d eadly force. Most state castle laws no longer require defendants to flee from their homes before using deadly force.   In addition, persons claiming the Castle Doctrine as a defense cannot have started or have been the aggressor in the confrontation that resulted in the charges against them.   The Castle Doctrine Duty to Retreat   By far the most-often  challenged element of the Castle Doctrine is the defendants duty to retreat from the intruder. While the older common law interpretations required defendants to have made some effort to retreat from their attacker or avoid the conflict, most state laws no longer impose a duty to retreat. In these states, defendants are not required to have fled from their home or to another area of their home before using deadly force.   At least 17 states impose some form of duty to retreat before using deadly force in self-defense. Since the states remain split on the issue, attorneys advise that persons should fully understand the Castle Doctrine and duty to retreat laws in their state.   Stand Your Ground Laws State-enacted stand your ground laws- sometimes called no duty to retreat laws- are often used as an allowable defense in criminal cases involving the use of deadly force by defendants who literally stood their ground, rather than retreating, in order to defend themselves and others against actual or reasonably perceived threats of bodily harm. In general, under stand your ground laws, private individuals who are in any place they have a lawful right to be at the time may be justified in using any level of force whenever they reasonably believe they face an imminent and immediate threat of great bodily injury or death.   Persons who were engaged in illegal activities, such as drug deals or robberies, at the time of the confrontation are typically not entitled to the protections of stand your ground laws.   In essence, stand your ground laws effectively extend the protections of the Castle Doctrine from the home to any place a person has a legal right to be. Currently, 28 states have legislatively enacted stand your ground laws. Another eight states apply the legal principles of stand your ground laws though courtroom practices, such as citation of past case law as precedent and judges instructions to juries.   Stand Your Ground Law Controversy   Critics of stand your ground laws, including  many gun control advocacy groups, often call them â€Å"shoot first† or â€Å"get away with murder† laws that make it difficult to prosecute people who shoot others claiming they acted in self-defense. They argue that in many cases the only eyewitness to the incident who could have testified against the defendants claim of self-defense is dead.Prior to passage of Floridas stand your ground law, Miami police chief John F. Timoney called the law dangerous and unnecessary. Whether its trick-or-treaters or kids playing in the yard of someone who doesnt want them there or some drunk guy stumbling into the wrong house, youre encouraging people to possibly use deadly physical force where it shouldnt be used, he said.   The Trayvon Martin Shooting The fatal shooting of teenager Trayvon Martin by George Zimmerman in February 2012, brought â€Å"stand your ground† laws squarely into the public spotlight. Zimmerman, a neighborhood watch captain in Sanford, Florida, gunned down the unarmed 17-year-old Martin minutes after reporting to the police that he had spotted a suspicious youth walking through the gated community. Despite being told by police to stay in his SUV, Zimmerman pursued Martin on foot. Moments later, Zimmerman confronted Martin and admitted to shooting him in self-defense after a brief scuffle. Sanford police reported that Zimmerman was bleeding from the nose and back of the head. As a result of the police investigation, Zimmerman was charged with second degree murder. At trial, Zimmerman was acquitted based on the jury’s finding that he had acted in self-defense. After reviewing the shooting for potential civil rights violations, the federal Department of Justice, citing insufficient evidence, filed no additional charges.   Before his trial, Zimmermans defense hinted that they would ask the court to drop the charges under Floridas stand your ground self-defense law. The law enacted in 2005, allows individuals to use deadly force when they reasonably feel they are at risk of great bodily harm while engaged in a confrontation.   While Zimmermans lawyers never argued for a dismissal based on the stand your ground law, the trial judge instructed the jury that Zimmerman had had a right to stand his ground and use deadly force if reasonably necessary to defend himself.

Organizational behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Organizational behavior - Essay Example suffering from any negative experiences depression started to dominate the entire aspects of life. It is therefore, reflected on the scenarios of everyday activities. It can cause drastic changes in the daily activities such as eating, working, and even in sleeping. It feels so helpless and hopeless; and there are lack of confidence and focus on the daily activities, if mentally and physically weak. But it would be more advantageous if you work out on it with boost of happiness, and can be prevented by letting yourself busy with working in the daily endeavors. .Definitely positive feelings correspond to positive work. Conclusion In conclusion to this topic, feelings, emotions, and moods affect the whole system of our body, physical and emotional aspects of our behavior. Some of our great philosophers like Aristotle, Plato and other philosophers are best examples of achievers who definitely known for their works because they have positive emotions that lead them to motivation, strengt hs and desire to succeed. Reference Psychology Information Online, (1993). What is a depressive order? Retrieved from http://www.psychologyinfo.com/depression/description.html

Research Paper Prospectus on the Economic and Financial Impact of the Proposal

Paper Prospectus on the Economic and Financial Impact of the Gulf Oil Spil - Research Proposal Example The world’s most sophisticated drill rigs, known as The Deepwater Horizon, was degraded to a mass of burnt metal in a split of seconds (Peppas, 2011). The rising demand for oil over the years meant that companies were drilling even deeper into the sea in an attempt to drill more oil. The oil spill occurred at a time when the industry was least expecting it; industry experts has speculated that the chance of an explosion was less than one percent (McCoy & Salerno, 2011). However, the incident painted an entirely different picture; thousands of individuals were cleaning up the oil spill, with thousands of devices screening the blowout. Discoverer Enterprise, the drill ship, howled loudly as it vent out methane gas that shot from the runway well (Peppas, 2011). Another rig, Q4, 000 which burnt oil and gas, simultaneously exploded (Peppas, 2011). What made matters worse was that the waters of the gulf were very difficult to reach; the terrain is very rough marked by canyons, ridge s and volcanoes (Farrell, 2011). The deposits lay buried under the salt ridges under the sea that were vulnerable to earthquakes. Furthermore, the temperatures underwater were freezing whereas the temperature of oil reservoirs was around 400 degrees (Upton, 2011). Economic concepts/approaches to be used in the research The economic concepts/ approaches to be involved are as follows: The concept of negative externalities: This concept explains the impact of individuals and/or corporations on a third-party (Hackett & Moore, 2011). They can be negative or positive; however, in this situation the externalities are likely to be negative rather than positive. Negative externalities shall revolve around the following : Damage to marine life Damage to local fishermen Damage to the coastal area’s economy Damage to U.S’s exports Damage to locals who inhale the toxic fumes Damage to individuals who consume the contaminated seafood Cost Benefit analysis of the clean up: This conce pt shall arise when the company involved decides to arrange for a cleanup of the oil spill as well as compensate the families of the deceased or affected people. BP shall have to weigh the private versus social costs and benefits associated with the remedies it take which shall be explored in the main research. As economic theory suggests the decision that BP takes may not be socially desirable because of corporations’ self-interest and focus on maximizing private net benefits rather than maximizing social net benefits (Ramseur & Ramseur, 2010). Expected findings/outcomes The findings expected are: Increasing unemployment- What shall be the impact on businesses whose earnings were tied to the Gulf of Mexico? Increasing government deficits in the region- What shall be the impact on fishermen who no longer have a source of income? Increase in national deficit- The deficit is expected to exceeding $2 million (Landau, 2011) Inflation in prices of agricultural products Higher taxe s- Politicians can use this opportunity to charge higher taxes on an already troubled population Ecological damage to Louisiana coast Damage to marine life- Oil has swept deep into the sand which is the breeding ground for most fruits and vegetables. If the oil isn’t cleaned up it can lead to intoxicated vegetables and fruits that can contaminate human life. Also toxic fumes have penetrated deep into the sea bed that can harm marine life, including fishes, disturbing their entire ecological system

Family in Europe History Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Family in Europe History - Coursework Example legends as women seemed to have enjoyed a certain degree of freedom in deciding their own futures, in owning property and in bringing honor and wealth to the family through marriage and children. This gave her stronger power within her own household as well, including the power to divorce if she so desired. Part of the woman’s value probably stemmed from the great amount of sexual promiscuity that took place during these times. Although it could never be entirely certain that the children of a son were direct blood descendents of a particular line, it was a certainty that children born of a daughter were. The confusion caused by this acceptance of sexual infidelity made for tense households as the children and mothers tended to fight against each other for inheritance rights. To protect the children from their half-siblings and other lovers of their parents, it became common practice to send the children away to be raised by foster parents. It is also probable that lower class es, lived entirely different lives. Women in the lower classes could be sold into slavery, either for sexual favors or for household services, while men in the lower classes were most often pressed into service for wealthier men as shepherds, farmers or in other vocations. However, it also seems clear that education, including literacy, was practiced in most homes and was made available to girls as well as boys. The Germanic Sippe was a form of kinship group that seems to have been very similar to the Irish sept. While the Irish sept was clearly a blending of patrilineal and matrilineal lines, it is more difficult to trace these relations within the Germanic texts. However, there is evidence that the Sippe followed at least the bloodlines of the male. Also unlike the Irish, there seems to have been a closer connection between the Sippe and the land that they settled on. Although family groups seem to have settled the land, they are also like the Irish sept in that they probably

Branding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Branding - Essay Example In this context, brand name will become the trademark of the company as it exclusively identifies the brand owner as the commercial origin of products or services associated to the brand. Once a brand become very familiar in a marketplace, it gets brand recognition. When a brand becomes so popular that it enjoys a great deal of positive sentiment in the marketplace, it is said to have achieved brand franchise. This means that the brand is recognized, without the name of the company associated to it. The total value of the brand to the brand owner is termed as brand equity. It reflects the power of the brand's recognition. This concept is brought out in the book 'Brand harmony' by Steve Yastrow in which he states" The strength of a brand impression in the mind of a customer is not a function of how many times the customer has seen an ad for a product, or how powerful the message in that ad is, but by how well all experiences the customer has with the product blend to tell one cumulative, sensible story." Looking back in time to what the term brand just means, in those days, brand was a term used to denote a mark burned on the skin with a hot iron. In today's world what this term has been transformed into is a tool, which is used to create a lasting impression in the minds of consumers and to create an enduring emotional association in the consumer with a particular company or product. The phrase "brand image" gained popularity when sales patterns began to show that feelings and visuals associated with brands were powerful motivators to for consumers to purchase a particular product. So what is to be understood from the use of brands as an effective marketing tool is that people don't just buy products, they associate a product with certain values which they believe and so they buy products whose brands represent things they value and like. These values could be something like money, intelligence and so on. A brand is also seen to gain importance when it is associated with an actual person who has the same type of attributes with which a company is trying to brand a product. Let's take Chunky Soup and Philadelphia Eagles quarterback Donovan McNabb as an example. Both of them represent the qualities hearty, strong and reliable and brining them together in this way is a very useful way of sending this message to the public. When such ideas are used to build a brand's image, the brand equity turns into a source of competitive advantage and future earnings according to David Aaker1., who is a national authority on branding A look at the concept of brand extension and multi-brands There is a profusion of products in the market today, and many of them are no different from the rest of the group to which they belong. If you go into a local sandwich shop because you want to have some bottled iced tea, you will be seeing a lot of different brands such as SoBe (hip, lizard cult), Tazo (Zen and the art of tea), or Snapple (down-home, New Jersey attitude). All these brands are selling the same thing, which is sweetened flavored tea. The only way that any one of these products can appeal to you over the other is through their brand appeal, and with this we come back to the point that a brand is a very effective marketing tool. According to David A. Weinstein2, in a consumer economy which is highly competitive

Analysis of The Ali G Show Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Analysis of The Ali G Show - Article Example Channel 4 is a publicly owned entity owned and operated by Channel Four Television Corporation. Channel 4 transmits some of the most promising TV programmes like Desperate Housewives, How I Met Your Mom and more controversial programmes like Ali G and Brass Eye, which has been condemned by the general population, religious organizations and politicians as well. Channel 4’s tag line is ‘demonstrating innovation and experiment’ (Channel 4 2011). The Ali G show is one of the controversial programmes aired by Channel 4 (Kelso 2002). The Ali G show is a satirical programme starring Ali G, a character played by British actor Sacha Baron Cohen. The series has been aired twice; the original in the UK in 2000 and its follow up was aired between 2003 and 2004 in the US channel HBO and was called Ali G in the USA. Ali G plays a host in an interview show where he interviews celebrities, high-ranking officials in different capacities and politicians, but in a comical way. One of the reasons it is comical is that the interviewees usually think it is a serious talk show until later on during the interviews. Ali G’s full-screen name is Alistair Leslie Graham, but he shortens it to what he believes is a more interesting name that can better be identified with a more youthful, hip hop and Caribbean oriented crowd, Ali G. his accent is also exaggerated a lot with the Afro-Caribbean accent. His clothing, character and the way he carries himself around are also influenced largely by hip-hop. Ali G is always in brightly colored tracksuits, sports sneakers, a tight headgear called a du-rag and matching sunglasses that give him his unique look. Furthermore, he imitates African-Americans a lot, even though he is from the UK. His interviewing skills are also anything but comical. In the USA for instance, he tells his interviewees, usually celebrities, that he is a British media personality that wants to interview them about the media and politics. And just lik e in normal interviews, the collected and well-groomed celebrities start to answer his questions the way they are used to in other conventional interviews they attend. The issue is, they are not aware that Ali G is probably pulling their legs and that his interviews are neither normal nor conventional. As soon as the celebrities answer the questions, Ali G picks up a word they have said and twists and turns it and the rest of the interview leaves the formerly collected celebrity lost for words, before finally realizing that Ali G is not really serious. He calls on his ‘hommies’ to give opinions and ask other silly questions that leave interviewees agape and very uncomfortable. His ‘hommies’ or friends, including his girlfriend, are just as comical and unconventional as Ali G himself.  

Branding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Branding - Essay Example In this context, brand name will become the trademark of the company as it exclusively identifies the brand owner as the commercial origin of products or services associated to the brand. Once a brand become very familiar in a marketplace, it gets brand recognition. When a brand becomes so popular that it enjoys a great deal of positive sentiment in the marketplace, it is said to have achieved brand franchise. This means that the brand is recognized, without the name of the company associated to it. The total value of the brand to the brand owner is termed as brand equity. It reflects the power of the brand's recognition. This concept is brought out in the book 'Brand harmony' by Steve Yastrow in which he states" The strength of a brand impression in the mind of a customer is not a function of how many times the customer has seen an ad for a product, or how powerful the message in that ad is, but by how well all experiences the customer has with the product blend to tell one cumulative, sensible story." Looking back in time to what the term brand just means, in those days, brand was a term used to denote a mark burned on the skin with a hot iron. In today's world what this term has been transformed into is a tool, which is used to create a lasting impression in the minds of consumers and to create an enduring emotional association in the consumer with a particular company or product. The phrase "brand image" gained popularity when sales patterns began to show that feelings and visuals associated with brands were powerful motivators to for consumers to purchase a particular product. So what is to be understood from the use of brands as an effective marketing tool is that people don't just buy products, they associate a product with certain values which they believe and so they buy products whose brands represent things they value and like. These values could be something like money, intelligence and so on. A brand is also seen to gain importance when it is associated with an actual person who has the same type of attributes with which a company is trying to brand a product. Let's take Chunky Soup and Philadelphia Eagles quarterback Donovan McNabb as an example. Both of them represent the qualities hearty, strong and reliable and brining them together in this way is a very useful way of sending this message to the public. When such ideas are used to build a brand's image, the brand equity turns into a source of competitive advantage and future earnings according to David Aaker1., who is a national authority on branding A look at the concept of brand extension and multi-brands There is a profusion of products in the market today, and many of them are no different from the rest of the group to which they belong. If you go into a local sandwich shop because you want to have some bottled iced tea, you will be seeing a lot of different brands such as SoBe (hip, lizard cult), Tazo (Zen and the art of tea), or Snapple (down-home, New Jersey attitude). All these brands are selling the same thing, which is sweetened flavored tea. The only way that any one of these products can appeal to you over the other is through their brand appeal, and with this we come back to the point that a brand is a very effective marketing tool. According to David A. Weinstein2, in a consumer economy which is highly competitive

Enterprise Internet Solutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Enterprise Internet Solutions - Essay Example The new controls that ASP.Net provides can be used to develop graphically attractive and well structured applications. The object oriented controls like programmable list boxes and validation controls add to the functionality and control of the overall application. The applications developed using ASP.Net provides form based authentication including cookie management and automatic redirection of unauthorised login attempts. In addition, 'ASP.Net allows for user accounts and roles, to give each user with a given role access to different server code and executables' (W3 Schools.com, n.d.). Since the ASP.Net code is compiled at the server upon first request and is kept in the cache memory, the performance of the application is greatly enhanced and response time for users' requests gets lower. ASP.Net allows real time configuration and maintenance without the need to get the application down. Server is not required to be restarted to make the changes make effect. This provides easier configuration and deployment capabilities, while ensuring availability of the application at all times. The application requires authentication mechanism whereby the users are authorised to access various parts of the application. ASP.Net provides this feature through its powerful authentication controls as described above. With the advent of technology, the information needs of the people have increased with a simultaneous increase in the urgency index, to wait for the desired information. Nowadays, everyone prefers to receive information on his/her mobile phone instead to go to a personal computer or open a notebook. As a result of this change, many mobile applications have been developed to cater to the market needs. However, since there is limited space on a cell phone screen, the companies only provide information in a summarised form, having maximum benefit for the user. Business Requirements Analysis WFDF may provide following information on mobile phones: Contest rules and

Reviews on Financial Risk Management Essay Example for Free

Reviews on Financial Risk Management Essay The definition and types of financial risk III. Risk management and the theoretical foundation IV. The process of financial risk management V. The challenges faced by the modern financial risk management theories ?Abstract? Financial risks are exposures of uncertainties for those participants in financial market. Financial risks can be divided into four categories: market risk, credit risk, liquidity risk and operational risk. Risk management has become more and more crucial for a market participant to survive in the highly competitive market. As the development of the global financial market, there are many phenomena that cannot be explained by traditional financial risk management theories. These phenomena have accelerated the development of behavioral finance and economic physics. The financial management theories have already improved a lot over the past decades, but still facing some challenges. Therefore, this report will review some important issues in the financial risk management; introduce some theoretical foundation of financial risk management, and discuss the challenges faced by the modern financial risk management. I. Introduction Financial risk is one of the basic characteristics of financial system and financial activities. And financial risk management has become an important component of the economic and financial system since the occurrence of financial in human society. Over the past few decades, economic globalization spread across the world with the falling down of the Bretton Woods system. Under above background, the financial markets have become even more unstable due to some significant changes. Many events happened during the decades, including the â€Å"Black Monday† of the year 1987, the stock crisis in Japan in 1990, the European monetary crisis in 1992, the financial storm of Asia in 1997, the bankruptcy of Long-Term Capital Management in 1998, and the most recent global financial crisis triggered in the year 2008. All these changes brought enormous destruction of the smooth development of the world economy and the financial market. At the same time, they also helped people realized the necessity and urgency of the financial risk management. Why did the crisis happened and how to avoid the risk as much as possible? These questions have been endowed more significant meaning for the further development of the economy. Therefore, this report will review some important issues in the financial risk management; introduce some theoretical foundation of financial risk management, and discuss the challenges faced by the modern financial risk management. II. The Definition and Types of Financial Risk The word â€Å"risk† itself is neutral, which means we cannot define risk a good thing or bad. Risk is one of the internal features of human behavior, and it comes from the uncertainty of the future results. Therefore, briefly speaking, risk can be defined as the exposure to uncertainty. In the definition of risk, there are two extremely important factors: first is uncertainty. Uncertainty can be considered as the distribution of the possibility of one or more results. To study risk, we need to have a precise description about the possibility of the risk. However, from the point view of a risk manager, the possible result in the future and the characteristic of the possibility distribution are usually unknown, so subjective factors are frequently needed when making decisions. The second factor is the exposure to uncertainty. Different human activities were influenced at different level to the same uncertainty. For example, the future weather is uncertain to everyone, but the influence it has over agriculture can be far deeper than that over finance industry or other industry. Based on the above description about risk, we could have a clearer definition of financial risk. Financial risk is the exposure to uncertainty of the participants in the financial market activities. The participants mainly refer to financial institutions and non-financial institutions, usually not including ndividual investors. Financial risk arises through countless transactions of a financial nature, including sales and purchases, investments and loans, and various other business activities. It can arise as a result of legal transactions, new projects, mergers and acquisitions, debt financing, the energy component of costs, or through the activities of management, stockholders, competitors, foreign governments, or weather. (Karen A. Horcher). Financial risk can be divided into the following types according to the different sources of risk. A. Market risk. Market risk  is the  risk  that the value of a portfolio, either an investment portfolio or a trading portfolio. It will decrease due to the change in value of the market risk factors. The four standard market risk factors are stock prices, interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and commodity prices. The influence of these market factors have over the financial participants can be both direct and indirect, like through competitors, suppliers or customers. B. Credit risk. Credit risk  is an investors risk of loss arising from a borrower who does not make payments as promised. Such an event is called a  default. Almost all the financial transactions have credit risk. Recent years, with the development of the internet financial market, the problem of internet finance credit risk also became prominent. C. Liquidity risk. Liquidity risk  is the risk that a given security or asset cannot be traded quickly enough in the market to prevent a loss. Liquidity risk arises from situations in which a party interested in trading an  asset  cannot do it because nobody in the  market  wants to trade that asset. Liquidity risk becomes particularly important to parties who are about to hold or currently hold an asset, since it affects their ability to trade. D. Operational risk. Operational risk is the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems, or from external events. Nowadays, the study and management of operational risk is getting more attention. The organizations are trying to perfect their internal control to minimize the possibility of risk. At the same time, the mature theory of other subjects, such as operational research methods, are also introduced to the management of operational risk. Overall, financial risk management is a process to deal with the uncertainty resulting from financial markets. It involves assessing the financial risks facing an organization and developing management strategies consistent with internal priorities and policies. Addressing financial risks proactively may provide an organization with a competitive advantage. It also ensures that management, operational staff, stockholders, and the board of directors are in agreement on key issues. III. Risk Management and the Theoretical Foundation Financial market participant’s attitude towards risk can be basically divided into the following categories. A. Avoid risk. It is irrational for some companies to think that they can avoid the financial risks though their careful management because of the following reasons. First of all, risk is the internal feature of human activities. Even though it doesn’t have direct influence, it could generate indirect influence though the competitors, suppliers or customers. Moreover, sometimes it might be a better choice for the manager of the company to accept risk. For example, when the profit margin of the company is higher than the market profit margin, the manager can increase the value of the company by using financial leverage principle. Obviously, it will be harder to increase the value of a company if the manager is always using the risk avoidance strategy. B. Ignore risk. Some participants tend to ignore the existence of risks in their financial activities, thus they will not take any measures to manage the risk. According to a research of Loderer and Pichler, almost all the Swedish multinational companies ignored the exchange rate risk that they are facing. C. Diversify risk. Many companies and institutions choose to diversify risk by putting eggs into different baskets, which means reaching the purpose of lower risk by holding assets of different type and low correlation. And the cost is relatively low. However, as to small corporations or individuals, diversifying risk is somehow unrealistic. Meanwhile, modern asset portfolio theory also tells us that diversifying risk could only lower the unsystematic risk, but not systematic risk. D. Manage risk. Presently, most people have realized that financial risk cannot be eliminated, but it could get managed though the financial theory and tools. For instance, participants can break down the risk they are exposed to by using financial engineering methods. After keeping some necessary risk, diversify the rest risk to others by using derivatives. But why do we need financial risk management? In other words, what is the theoretical foundation of the existence of financial risk management? The early financial theory argues that financial risk management is not necessary. The Nobel Prize winner Miller ;amp; Modigliani pointed out that in a perfect market, financial measures like hedging cannot influence the firm’s value. Here the perfect market refers to a market without tax or bankruptcy cost, and the market participants own the complete information. Therefore, the managers do not need to worry about financial risk management. The similar theory also says that even though there will be slight moves in the short run, in the long run, the economy will move relatively stable. So the risk management that is used to prevent the loss in short term is just a waste of time and resource. Namely, there is no financial risk in the long run, so the financial risk management in the short run will just offset the firm’s profits, and therefore reduce the firm’s value. However, in reality, financial risk management has already roused more and more attention. The need for risk management theory and measures soar to unprecedented heights for both the regulator and participants of the financial market. Those who think risk management is necessary argue that the need for risk management is mainly based on the imperfection of the market and the risk aversion manager. Since the real economy and the financial market are not perfect, the manager can increase a firm’s value by managing risk. The imperfection of the financial market is shown in the following aspects. First, there are various types of tax existing in the real market. And these taxes will influence the earning flow of the firm, and also the firm’s value. So the Modigliani ;amp; Miller theory does not work for the real economy. Secondly, there is transaction cost in the real market. And the smaller the transaction is, the higher the cost. Last but not least, the financial market participants cannot obtain the complete information. Therefore, firms can benefit from risk management. First, the firm can get stable cash flow, and thus avoid the external financing cost caused by the cash flow shortage, decrease the fluctuation range of the stock and keep a good credit record of the company. Secondly, a stable cash flow can guarantee that a company can invest successfully when the opportunity occurs. And it gets some competitive advantage compared to those who don’t have stable cash flow. Thirdly, since a firm possesses more resource and knowledge than an individual, which means it could have more complete information and manage financial risks more efficiently. If the manager of a firm is risk aversion, he can improve the manager’s utility through financial risk management. Many researches show that the financial risk management activities have close relation to the manager’s aversion to risk. For example, Tufano studied the risk management strategy of American gold industry, and found that the risk management of firms in that industry has close relation to the contract that the managers signed about reward and punishment contracts. The managers and employees are full of enthusiasm about risk management is because that they put great amount of invisible capital in the firm. The invisible capital includes human capital and specific skills. So the financial risk management of the firms became some natural reaction to protect their devoted assets. In conclusion, although controversy is still going on about the financial risk management, there is no doubt that the theory and tools of financial risk management is adopted and used by market participants, and continue to be enriched and innovated. IV. The Process of Financial Risk Management The process of financial risk management comprises strategies that enable an organization to manage the risks associated with financial markets. Risk management is a dynamic process that should evolve with an organization and its business. It involves and impacts many parts of an organization including treasury, sales, marketing, tax, commodity, and corporate finance. Company’s financial risk management can be divided into three major steps, namely identification or confirmation risk, measure risk and manage risk. Let’s illustrate it using the market risk as an example. First, confirm the market risk factors that have a significant influence to the company, and then measure the risk factors. At present, the frequently used measure of market risk approach can be divided into the relative measure and absolute measure. A. The relative measure method It mainly measures the sensitivity relationship between the market factors fluctuations and financial asset price changes, such as the duration and convexity. B. The absolute measure methods It includes variance or standard deviation and the absolute deviation indicator, mini max and value at risk (VaR). VaR originated in the 1980s’, which is defined the maximum loss that may occur within a certain confidence level. In mathematics, VaR is expressed as an investment vehicle or a combination of profit and loss distribution of ? -quantile, which stated as follows: Pr ( ? p ;lt;= VaR ) = ? , where, ? p said that the investment loss in the holding period within the confidence level (1 –? ). For example, if the VaR of a company is 100 million U. S. ollars in 95% confidence level of 10 days, which means in the next 10 days, the risk of loss that occurred more than 1 million U. S. dollars may of only 5%. Through this quantitative measure, company can clear its risks and thus have the ability to carry out the next step targeted quantitative risk management activities. (Guanghui Tian) The last step is management risk. Once the company identified the major risks and have a quantitative grasp of these risks through risk-measurement methods, those companies can use various tools to manage the risk quantitatively. There are different types of risk for different companies, even the same company at different stages of development. So it requires specific conditions for the optimization of different risk management strategies. In general, when the company considers its risk exposure more than it could bear, the following two methods can be used to manage the risk. The first way is changing the company’s operating mode, to make the risk back to a sustainable level. This method is also known as â€Å"Operation Hedge†. Companies can adjust the supply channels of raw materials, set up production plants in the sales directly or adjust the volume of inflow and outflow of foreign exchange and other methods to achieve above purpose. The second way is adjust the company’s risk exposure through financial markets. Companies can take advantage of the financial markets. Companies can take advantage of the financial markets wide range of products and tools to hedge its risk, which means to offset the risk that the company may face through holding a contrary position. Now various financial derivative instruments provide a sufficient and diverse selection of products. Derivative products are financial instruments whose value is attached to some other underlying assets. These basic subject matters may be interest rates, exchange rates, bonds, stocks, stock index and commodity prices, but also can be a credit, the weather and even a snowfall in some ski showplace. Common derivatives include forward contracts, swaps, futures and options and so on. V. The Challenges Faced by the Modern Financial Risk Management Theory Over the recent years, as the focus of risk management hifts from a control function to one of global financial optimization, the concern shifts from modeling the behavior of engineered contracts in selected markets to modeling the evolution of the entire economy. This change of focus calls for a vastly improved ability to model the time evolution of economic quantities. (Sergio Focardi). While those who do risk management are interested in predicting if assets will go up or down, the over-riding interest is in the relationship in movement to different assets. Though linear methods such as variance-covariance help to understand the co-movements of markets, a different set of tools is necessary to better manage risk. (Jose Scheinkman). Paradigms such as learning, nonlinear dynamics and statistical mechanics will affect how risk – from market and credit risk to operational risk – is managed. While the first attempts to use some of these tools were focused on predicting market movements, it is now clear that these methodologies might positively influence many other aspects of economics. For instance, they could be useful in understanding phenomena such as price formation, the emergence of bankruptcy chains, or patterns of boom-and-bust cycles. Lars Hansen, Homer J. Livingston professor of economics at the University of Chicago, remarks that these new paradigms will bring to asset pricing and risk management at enhanced understanding once the implicit underlying fundamentals are better understood. He says â€Å"What needed is a formal specification of the market structure, the microeconomic uncertainty, and the investor preferences that is consistent with the posited nonlinear models. Commenting on the need to bring together the pricing of financial assets and the real economy, he notes that an understanding of what’s behind pricing leads to a better understanding of how assets behave. â€Å"For risk management decisions that entail long-run commitments,† he observes, â€Å"it is particularly important to understand, beyond a purely statistical model, what is governing the underlying movements in security prices. † Blake LeBaron, professor of economics at the University of Wisconsin-Medison, observes that there is now more interest in macro moves than in individual markets. But traditional macroeconomics typically provides only point forecasts of macro aggregates. In the risk management context, a simple point forecast is not sufficient; a complete validated probabilistic framework is needed to perform operations such as hedging or optimization. One is after an entire statistical decision-making process. The big issue is the distinction between forecasts and decisions. (Blake LeBaron) Arriving at an entire statistical decision-making process implies reaching a better scientific explanation of economic reality. New theories are attempting to do so through models that reflect empirical data more accurate than traditional models. These models will improve our ability to forecast economic and financial phenomena. The endeavor is not without its challenges. Our ability to model the evolution of the economy is limited. Prof. Scheinkman notes that unlike in a physical system where better data and more computing power can lead to better predictions, in social systems when a new level of understanding is gained, agents start to use new methods. Prof. Scheinkman says â€Å"Less ambitious goals have to be set. Gaining an understanding of the broad features of how the structure of an economic system evolves or of relationships between parts of the system might be all that can be achieved. Prof. Scheinkman remarks that we might have to concentrate on finding those patterns of economic behavior that are not destroyed, at least not in the short-run, by the agent learning process. VI. Conclusion The theory foundation of modern financial risk management is the Efficient Markets Hypothesis, which notes that financial market is a linear balanced system. In this system, investors are rational, and they make their investment decision with rational expectations. This hypothesis shows that the changing of the future price of financial assets has no relation with the history information, and the return on assets should obey normal distribution. However, the study of economic physics shows that financial market is a very complicated nonlinear system. At the same time, behavioral finance tells us that investors are not all rational when making decisions. They usually cannot completely understand the situation they are facing unlike hypothesized. And most times they will have cognitive bias, when they use experience or intuition as the basis of making decisions. It will lead to irrational phenomena like overreaction and under reaction when reflected on investment behaviors. Therefore, it will be meaningful to study how to improve the existing financial risk management tools, especially how to introduce the nonlinear science and behavior study into the measurement of financial risk.

Quality of the Sustainability Report of British Land

Quality of the Sustainability Report of British Land The British Land Company is a brand of property development and investment company, which is one of largest companies in the  United Kingdom. It focuses on managing, financing and developing prime commercial property. British Land was formed in 1856. Over the years, company has purchased land and then resold it to customers who wanted to buy it. Nowadays, British Land owns a lean team of 242 people which is based in the UK and Western Europe. The company manages more or less  £14 billion portfolio of office and retail properties. Moreover, company is listed on the  London Stock Exchange  and is a constituent of the  FTSE 100 Index  and has been a founding member of the  European Public Real Estate Association. Their objective is to deliver long-term and sustainable total returns to our shareholders As a company, British Land committed to achieve corporate social responsibility objectives by working hard to ensure that structure, customer propositions and investment programmes are sustainable in society, economic and environment. These activities from April 2013 to March 2014 were described in Corporate Responsibility Full Data Report 2014. As such, the quality of sustainability report will be analysed in the following. The quality of corporate responsibility report 2014 of British Land can be evaluated based on principles of guidelines published by Global Reporting Initiative (GRI).The GRI lists six principles to assess sustainability report which is of sufficient quality. They are balance, comparability, accuracy, timeliness, clarity and reliability.Six principles will be defined first and then look at information from British Land’s report and then evaluate quality of these principles in practice. Balance To produce a high quality sustainability report, not only it represents the true performance of an organisation, but also endless positive public relations. Balanced report means reflect positive and negative aspects of the organization’s performance to enable a reasoned assessment of overall performance. X A good way to demonstrate balanced reporting is to clearly state how the organization performed regarding measurable achievements set in the previous year.Stakeholders can review those successful targets or if more work.In the corporate responsibility report 2014, British Land reported progress against its three years strategy across all sustainability areas of the business. As we can see, company reported that they had successfully reduced 36% less carbon emissions than the 2009 baseline in the report. Additionally, British Land has saved  £6.9 million energy cost for occupiers since 2009 and achieved 93% of waste diverted from landfill at our properties and 83% on development. X Overall, they got improvement against 2009 and achieved lots of targets in different areas including economic, environment and social. Although British Land has met the greater of their targets in different areas, stakeholders can find out that British Land’s report put negative things about their performance. Take greenhouse gas emissions as an example, the production process discharged6,953 tonnes CO2e during 2014 which was 300 tonnes higher than the previous year. It was balanced that the report discloses both favorable and unfavorable information and results on a year-to-year basis. This style of report increased transparency and accountability towards stakeholders or other parties. Comparability Issues and information should be selected, compiled, and reported consistently. X This principle means that reported information should be presented in a consistent manner that enables stakeholders to analyse the performance of the organisation over time or against other organisations. First of all, the sustainability report and the information contained within can be compared on a year-to-year basis. It showed that the data of British Land from 2011 to 2014. Stakeholders can compare the performance with different years so as to make decisions. Moreover, British Land increased comparability by means of using the same benchmarks to analyse performance year on year. Take tons of waste as an example, company used these total numbers as well as ratios (waste per unit of production) for analytical comparison. Also, company used kWh as metrics to compare its carbon emissions relate to energy consumption with different years or other organisations. Additionally, company provided and explained different factors in the report such as differences in organizational size, geographic influences, and other limitations that may affect the relative performance of an organization. These will help stakeholders understand the factors that may contribute to differences in performance between organizations. Furthermore, the report used generally accepted protocols for compiling, measuring, and presenting information. The report has utilized where the GRI Technical Protocol is explicit on the metric to be used for an Indicator such as carbon footprint, days per employee, staff covered and waste, etc. If any metrics were not mentioned by the GRI, British Land used metrics that are generally adopted by other organisations in their industry. Business in the Community has coordinated the corporate responsibility (CR) index as the UK’s leading benchmarking tool for responsible business. X Accuracy The information contained must be highly accurateso as to produce a high quality sustainability report. Therefore, stakeholders can measure the performance of an organisation with confidence. Data accuracy requires building stringent and robust data collection processes, such as internal quality assurance procedures. The best way to ensure data quality is to have quality assurance built into the data collection process. In the sustainability report 2014 of British Land, there was enough information about process to assure the data collection. The company had Independent assurance which evaluated the design of the key structures, systems, processes and controls for managing recording and reporting the selected information. X For example, five data sites which was selected on the basis of their inherent risk and materiality to the group were visited to understand the key processes and controls for reporting site performance data to the group corporate responsibility team. An alternative way is to commission an external third party to verify or assure data accuracy. The third party is experienced in sustainability reporting and data. In the report, it showed that selected key performance data was assured by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (PwC) which is one of big accounting firms over the world. For example, the accounting firm assured that data of carbon strategy was accurate, reliable and objective with no significant omissions that could affect stakeholders to make decision on British Land’s performance. X Finally, British Land has invited wider stakeholders to review their data collection processes and to provide feedback if any data inaccuracies have occurred. In 2014, stakeholders participated in the review and consultation of the different legislative and consumer aspects. Timeliness If a sustainability report to be useful to stakeholders, it should clearly state the time period covered by the data and to be consistent. Based on a regular timetable, the release date of the sustainability report should be predicted whether it is annual or biannual. Therefore, stakeholders can assess progress and make informed decisions on the organization’s performance. British Land has been reporting year on year on its sustainability performance since 2002. The company has accumulated many sustainability reports, which can all be downloaded and are available in multiple languages. The sustainability reports are published in April of every year, which makes it predictable to stakeholders and allows them to integrate British Land into their decision making process in a timely manner. Clarity According to the GRI, a high quality sustainability report should be written in a manner that is easily understandable, accessible and usable to its range of stakeholders. British Land used lots of visual charts, pictures, tables, infographic, diagrams and other aids tomake its content accessible and information easilyunderstandable. The company increased the attractiveness by using of its report by providing several formats such as on the web, as a PDF report or ebook. However, British Land is a property developmentand investment companies. As such, there are a series of professional terms such that need to be illustrated in its sustainability report. British Land has not published a useful glossary of professional terms. They can create on its sustainabilitywebsites for some references so as to makes its sustainability report easily understandable to its stakeholders, Reliability To producea high quality sustainability report, the information and contents disclosed can be traced to its sources, checked and examined by stakeholders or other parties. Stakeholders should be able to find evidence to establish the veracity in the sustainability report. British Land elected PwC as an independent 3rd party assurer to assess their sustainability report. However, PwC made a conclusion that they planned and performed the engagement to obtain limited assurance about whether the selected information is free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. Also, PwC concluded British Land’s declared GRI application level of B+ was not fairly stated in accordance with the reporting criteria. To increase reliability, PwC did not get enough reference of all original sources of data and information used in the report. They just provided a guidance section giving information behind calculations used by the company. The reliability of this sustainability report was not sufficient. Although another big accounting firm KPMG produced anindependent assurance report, minor recommended updates were made to the British Land’s procedures in relation to the risk of bribery and corruption in December 2013. British Land did not get audit opinion that increased stakeholder confidence that the data and assertions in thesustainabilityreport can be relied on to make informed decisions. Conclusion To conclude, the quality the of sustainability report 2014 of British Land is up to standard. Especially for comparability and clarity, the report showed that information and comparisons are both meaningful overtime and it clearly explained the reasons and implications of collected information through visual charts, pictures, tables. However, there’s stillroom for improvement in the report. The Directors of the British Land engaged PwC provided limited assurance on the information described in full data report for the year ended 31 March 2014. To increase reliability and accuracy of the report, company can invite NGOs to review their data collection processes and to provide comments where they think data inaccuracies have occurred. Having more assurances increase stakeholder confidence that the data and assertions in sustainabilityreport can be relied on to make decisions. Furthermore, company can provide other popular formats such as software application in order to increase the attractiveness and use of its report. The sustainability reports as mobile apps can be published that are readable on smartphone and tablets. Stakeholders or businesses can increasingly incorporate tablets into day to day activities such as meetings and sustainability reporting apps must beubiquitous. The advantages of these apps over traditional formats are its highly interactive nature, the ability to easily review the report through buttons, and its visual beauty.

Review on Final Destination 3 :: essays research papers

The name of the film I am going to review is final destination 3, it is the 3rd in the final destination series. It was released in the cinemas on February 11th 2006 and then released on DVD and video on 25th July 2006. Final destination has many genres the main 4 however are Drama / Horror / Mystery and Thriller. James Wong was the director of final destination 1 and 3 but final destination 2 was directed by David Ellis. The Film follows the same sort of plot as the other final destinations but in final destination 3 Wendy Christensen and her friends go to a theme park and decide to go on a large roller coaster. However, just before the ride begins, Wendy has a violent premonition of it crashing, killing everyone on board, so she freaks out, resulting in 10 people getting off, including herself, then watches in horror as it collapses for real. But she learns that you can't cheat death as the survivors start dieing in freak ‘accidents’. The clues to their deaths are in the photos she and her friends took on that fateful night they went to the theme park. I liked the way Mary Elizabeth Winstead who played Wendy took her part so seriously and you could actually feel the fear she had after her premonition. Also Kris Lemche who played Ian McKinley acted the scene where they was at ‘build it’ really well because he was throwing everything Wendy says right back at her. When she tells him about ‘deaths design’ he then replies with â€Å"Ok. Ok, what if, for example, the last in line were to make the utilitarian choice. Kill themselves. Well, wow, that's pretty much gonna ruin any plan deaths put in motion. And even better, I think that's gonna save, five skipped lives. Any takers?† He says it so seriously that it made me think he was a bit tapped in the head. Some of the films strengths were the amazing computer generated images which was so obvious yet so life like, such as the rollercoaster crash at the start. Also the music they used while Wendy and Kevin was waiting at the drive through. His car radio turned itself on and started playing ‘Turn Around, Look at Me’ by The Vogues at that point doing a shot where you can see the car and the road behind with a lorry rolling down a hill with no one in it. Review on Final Destination 3 :: essays research papers The name of the film I am going to review is final destination 3, it is the 3rd in the final destination series. It was released in the cinemas on February 11th 2006 and then released on DVD and video on 25th July 2006. Final destination has many genres the main 4 however are Drama / Horror / Mystery and Thriller. James Wong was the director of final destination 1 and 3 but final destination 2 was directed by David Ellis. The Film follows the same sort of plot as the other final destinations but in final destination 3 Wendy Christensen and her friends go to a theme park and decide to go on a large roller coaster. However, just before the ride begins, Wendy has a violent premonition of it crashing, killing everyone on board, so she freaks out, resulting in 10 people getting off, including herself, then watches in horror as it collapses for real. But she learns that you can't cheat death as the survivors start dieing in freak ‘accidents’. The clues to their deaths are in the photos she and her friends took on that fateful night they went to the theme park. I liked the way Mary Elizabeth Winstead who played Wendy took her part so seriously and you could actually feel the fear she had after her premonition. Also Kris Lemche who played Ian McKinley acted the scene where they was at ‘build it’ really well because he was throwing everything Wendy says right back at her. When she tells him about ‘deaths design’ he then replies with â€Å"Ok. Ok, what if, for example, the last in line were to make the utilitarian choice. Kill themselves. Well, wow, that's pretty much gonna ruin any plan deaths put in motion. And even better, I think that's gonna save, five skipped lives. Any takers?† He says it so seriously that it made me think he was a bit tapped in the head. Some of the films strengths were the amazing computer generated images which was so obvious yet so life like, such as the rollercoaster crash at the start. Also the music they used while Wendy and Kevin was waiting at the drive through. His car radio turned itself on and started playing ‘Turn Around, Look at Me’ by The Vogues at that point doing a shot where you can see the car and the road behind with a lorry rolling down a hill with no one in it.

Life Of Robert Frost :: essays research papers

Prof. Sherlock 11/23/99 English 1004 The Farmer and The Father Often in literature it is found that writers use their writing to unveil parts of their lives. Writers also let their own life experiences influence the content of their writings. We have found that the writer Franz Kafta uses the isolation and pressure received from his family to help him build the basis for his story "The Metamorphosis." These real life occurrences make the literary work more enjoyable because of its genuine composition. This theory can also be applied to the life and writings of Robert Frost. Frost's entire life, his childhood, his marriage, the birth and deaths of his children, his relationship with nature, and his thriving life are the "genetic make -up" for his writings. Robert Frost goes through a lot of changes as a young boy and as an adult. He is born in 1874 to Robert Lee Frost Jr., a newspaper reporter and to Isabelle Moodie, a schoolteacher. The family lives in San Francisco, California for the beginning of Frost's life. However when Frost's mother becomes unhappy with the drinking problem of Frost's father they move in with the parents of Robert Frost. Unable to withstand the criticism by the family, Isabelle returns to Robert. Frost father dies in1895 and once again the family moves. They moved to the East Coast, where Frost attends a high school in Lawrence, New Hampshire. At this school Frost meets his future wife Miriam White. Frost shares in the graduation ceremony as co-valedictorian and in his address he speaks of poets response to experience, some of which will be his own. One year after graduation Miriam and Frost marry and Frost goes to Dartmouth College. Frost is not into his studies and leaves after only one semester. He returns to Lawrence where he works as a schoolteacher, mill hand and reporter. During this time Frost has publishes some of his writings in a weekly journal. In 1987 Frost enrolls at Harvard University to prepare himself to teach Latin, but due to an illness Frost drops out of school. Around this time in 1896 Frost's first child is born, Elliot. Elliot was the first of the five children in the Frost family. The Frosts have another child in 1899 and the next year Elliot passes away. These times become struggling times for the Frost family. Frost moves his family to Mass, where he buys a farm. Life Of Robert Frost :: essays research papers Prof. Sherlock 11/23/99 English 1004 The Farmer and The Father Often in literature it is found that writers use their writing to unveil parts of their lives. Writers also let their own life experiences influence the content of their writings. We have found that the writer Franz Kafta uses the isolation and pressure received from his family to help him build the basis for his story "The Metamorphosis." These real life occurrences make the literary work more enjoyable because of its genuine composition. This theory can also be applied to the life and writings of Robert Frost. Frost's entire life, his childhood, his marriage, the birth and deaths of his children, his relationship with nature, and his thriving life are the "genetic make -up" for his writings. Robert Frost goes through a lot of changes as a young boy and as an adult. He is born in 1874 to Robert Lee Frost Jr., a newspaper reporter and to Isabelle Moodie, a schoolteacher. The family lives in San Francisco, California for the beginning of Frost's life. However when Frost's mother becomes unhappy with the drinking problem of Frost's father they move in with the parents of Robert Frost. Unable to withstand the criticism by the family, Isabelle returns to Robert. Frost father dies in1895 and once again the family moves. They moved to the East Coast, where Frost attends a high school in Lawrence, New Hampshire. At this school Frost meets his future wife Miriam White. Frost shares in the graduation ceremony as co-valedictorian and in his address he speaks of poets response to experience, some of which will be his own. One year after graduation Miriam and Frost marry and Frost goes to Dartmouth College. Frost is not into his studies and leaves after only one semester. He returns to Lawrence where he works as a schoolteacher, mill hand and reporter. During this time Frost has publishes some of his writings in a weekly journal. In 1987 Frost enrolls at Harvard University to prepare himself to teach Latin, but due to an illness Frost drops out of school. Around this time in 1896 Frost's first child is born, Elliot. Elliot was the first of the five children in the Frost family. The Frosts have another child in 1899 and the next year Elliot passes away. These times become struggling times for the Frost family. Frost moves his family to Mass, where he buys a farm.